Apparatus and method for securely connecting to a remote server

ABSTRACT

A method for securely connecting to a remote server that provides improved Internet security. In the method, a client receives a request to connect to a remote server associated with a domain name. The client, when resolving the domain name, determines whether the remote server supports at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol. The client performs a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol. The client connects to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the IP layer security protocol.

BACKGROUND

Field

The present invention relates generally to Internet security, and more particularly, to securely connecting to a remote server based on domain name resolution.

Background

Most web browsers indicate http or https for web connections based on the url the device is connected to. A user may determine if the application-layer connection is secure based on seeing ‘https://’ in the url and an icon indicating https is being used. When using other security protocols, such as end-to-end IPsec, to communicate with a server, there is no such indication by the browser. It is also difficult to force servers to enforce security policies in regards to how a user's data and sensitive information is protected and processed. Further, a Virtual Private Network (VPN) typically requires a user to first initiate client software before use.

There is therefore a need for an improved technique for securely connecting to a remote server at the IP layer.

SUMMARY

An aspect of the present invention may reside in a method for securely connecting to a remote server, comprising: receiving, by a client, a request to connect to a remote server associated with a domain name; determining, by the client when resolving the domain name, whether the remote server supports at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name; performing, by the client, a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol; and connecting, by the client, to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol

In more detailed aspects of the invention, the client may determine that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol based on a top level domain of the domain name. Alternatively, the client may determine that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol based on validation of the domain name using communications with a Domain Name System (DNS) server. The communications with the DNS server may use a secure DNS protocol. The client may receive, from the DNS server, a DNS service record for the validated domain name including at least one parameter indicating the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol.

In other more detailed aspects of the invention, the client may determine that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol based on the client determining that the domain name is in a list of trusted domain names supporting the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol. In addition, the domain name may be resolved to an IP address.

Another aspect of the invention may reside in an apparatus for securely connecting to a remote server, comprising: means for receiving a request to connect to a remote server associated with a domain name; means for determining whether the remote server supports at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name; means for performing a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol; and means for connecting to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol.

Another aspect of the invention may reside in an apparatus, comprising: a processor configured to: receive a request to connect to a remote server associated with a domain name; determine whether the remote server supports at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name; perform a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol; and connect to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol.

Another aspect of the invention may reside in a computer-readable medium, comprising: code for causing a computer to receive a request to connect to a remote server associated with a domain name; code for causing the computer to determine whether the remote server supports at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name; code for causing the computer to perform a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol; code for causing the computer to connect to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TILE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of a wireless communication system.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a method for securely connecting to a remote server, according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system that allows a client to securely connect to a remote server.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a computer including a processor and a memory.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a method for securely connecting to a remote server.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of another method for securely connecting to a remote server.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of another method for securely connecting to a remote server.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.

With reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, an aspect of the present invention may reside in a method 200 for securely connecting to a remote server. In the method, a client 310 receives a request to connect to a remote server 320 associated with a domain name (step 210). The client, when resolving the domain name, determines whether the remote server supports at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol (step 220). The client performs a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol (step 230). The client connects to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol (step 240).

In more detailed aspects of the invention, the client 310 may determine that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol based on a top level domain of the domain name. For example, certain top level domains may be associated with supporting a predetermined IP layer security protocol, such a IPsec. Supporting top level domains may include .sec, .secure, .msec, .ipsec, .scom, and the like. A request including the domain name www-dot-example-dot-sec would indicate that the remote server associated with the domain name supports the predetermined IP layer security protocol, such as IPsec.

Alternatively, the client 310 may determine that the remote server 320 supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol based on validation of the domain name using communications with a Domain Name System (DNS) server 330. The communications with the DNS server may use a secure DNS protocol, such as DNSsec. The client may receive, from the DNS server, a DNS service record for the validated domain name including at least one parameter indicating the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol.

In other more detailed aspects of the invention, the client 310 may determine that the remote server 320 supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol based on the client determining that the domain name is in a list of trusted domain names supporting the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol. In addition, the domain name may be resolved to an IP address.

With further reference to FIG. 4, the client 310 (e.g., remote station 102 (FIG. 1)) may comprise a computer 400 that includes a processor 410, a storage medium 420 such as memory and/or a disk drive, a display 430, and an input such as a keypad 440, and a wireless network/Internet connection 450. The processor may include a secure environment such as a trusted platform module (TPM).

Another aspect of the invention may reside in an apparatus 310 for securely connecting to a remote server, comprising: means (e.g., processor 410) for receiving a request to connect to a remote server 320 associated with a domain name; means (e.g., processor 410) for determining whether the remote server supports at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name; means (e.g., processor 410) for performing a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol; and means (e.g., processor 410) for connecting to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol.

Another aspect of the invention may reside in an apparatus 310, comprising: a processor 410 configured to: receive a request to connect to a remote server 320 associated with a domain name; determine whether the remote server supports at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name; perform a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol; and connect to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol.

Another aspect of the invention may reside in a computer-readable medium 420, comprising: code for causing a computer 400 to receive a request to connect to a remote server 320 associated with a domain name; code for causing the computer to determine whether the remote server supports at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name; code for causing the computer to perform a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol; code for causing the computer to connect to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol.

The client 310 may have an application layer, an Internet/IP layer, and a physical/link layer. In the OSI model, layer 7 may be associated with the application layer, layer 3 may be associated with the Internet/IP layer, and layers 1 and 2 may be associated with the physical/link layer. The remote server 320 and/or the DNS server 330 likewise may have an application layer, an Internet/IP layer, and a physical/link layer.

The techniques of the present invention may trigger/initiate secure IP layer protocols such as IPsec, and enforce certain security policies, based on, for example, domain name resolution. The techniques may leverage Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) with native IPsec using integrated IPv6 headers and additional headers as needed. The techniques may use transport mode IPsec for endpoint to endpoint communication (not the typical VPN IPsec). The transport mode IPsec may include an Authentication Header (AH) to ensure full packet integrity and origin authenticity (ICV) and identify security parameters (SPI), and prevent replay (SQN). Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) may be used to ensure data confidentiality. At least AES-256 encryption may be used, and Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) may be used to negotiate keys and parameters. DNSsec may provide initial X.509 certificates. Clients may have X.509 certificates with secure keys. A Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange may be performed to generate at least one share secret such as session keys, and the IPsec Security Association may use the shared secrets.

The transport mode IPsec may be implemented using particular Security Policy Descriptors (SPD) which establishes some predefined Security Associations (SA) to previously connected servers. IPsec SAs are native to the operating system and setup by IKE via operating system services or applications such as StrongSWAN, LibreSWAN, OpenSWAN, IPsec-Tools, and the like. IPv6 may include native IPsec.

In an example shown with reference to FIG. 5, the client 310, through a web browser or application, may initiate a connection to a specific top-level domain (TLD) such as ‘.sec’ for the website www-dot-url-dot-sec which the client resolver would take as indication IPsec Security Associations may be needed (step 510). All Fully Qualified Domain Names assigned under such TLDs would be certified to meet certain security and privacy requirements as established by the owner of the TLD. The FQDN is validated and resolved. The client may require DNSsec verification for the TLD using the DNS server 330 (step 520 and 530). The client checks the path, and downloads and validates the X.509 certificate from the remote server 320 and any root Certificate Authorities (CAs) for that TLD. The client's DNS resolver may validate that the conditions for establishing IPsec have been met and verified (step 540). Thus, the client may use the validated TLD to determine ‘interesting traffic’ and initiate an IPsec connection to the remote server 320 associated with the domain name url.sec (step 550). Note that determining whether the remote server supports at least one predetermined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name may comprise the requesting step 520, the receiving step 530, and the validating step 540, The client may establish the IPsec connection by initiating IKE or IKEv2 with the remote server. An IKEv2 handshake may be used to generate one or more shared secrets to establish an end-to-end secure connection between the client and the remote server. Both parties, by using the TLD, agree to at least one predetermined IPsec/ISAKMP configuration and protocol thereby simplifying the setup process. Because the TLD certification enforces certain policies (i.e., via Certification from a Certificate Authority), a user knows the client is connected securely and the transferred data will be handled by the remote server in accordance to the policies needed for certification. A similar technique could be applied to the subdomain (sec.domain.com) if the signed certificate included the same root CA.

In another example shown with reference to FIG. 6, the client 310 may initiate a connection to a trusted remote server 320 from a browser or application using a typical URL (step 610). The DNS resolution with the DNS server 330 may contain the IP address (IPv6), DNSsec verification, a DANE X.509 certificate, and a DNS Service Record (SRV service record) that indicates the remote server supports a certain security protocol such as IKE and IPsec (steps 620 and 630). The client's DNS resolver may validate that the conditions for establishing IPsec have been met and verified (step 640). Both the client and the remote server, by using the service record, agree to some predefined IKE/IPsec configurations and protocols, thereby simplifying the setup process. Because the service record and root CA enforce certain policies, the client is connected securely and user data will be handled by the remote server in accordance to the policies needed for certification (step 650). The client may establish the IPsec connection by initiating IKE or IKEv2 with the remote server.

In another example shown with reference to FIG. 7, the client 310 may initiate a connection based on the url of a trusted server 320 (step 710). The url (i.e., FQDN) is validated and resolved to an IP address. A list of supported FQDNs is preconfigured to indicate which remote servers agree to some predefined IKE/IPsec configurations and protocols, thereby simplifying the setup process. A DNS request and response verifies the IP address matches pre-stored value (steps 720 and 730). The FQDN matches a supported FQDN in the list. The client may validate that the conditions for establishing IPsec have been met and verified (step 740). Because these predefined FQDN lists and root CA validation require/enforce certain policies, the client is connected securely and user data will be handled by the server in accordance to the policies needed for certification (step 750). The client may establish the IPsec connection by initiating IKE or IKEv2 with the remote server.

Unlike application layer connection security, such as SSL or TLS when a web browser uses https, the IP layer security protocol may provide IP layer security protection. Also, unlike an application layer Virtual Private Network (VPN), the IP layer security protocol may be automatically triggered for a remote server 320 without requiring user intervention or initiation. Instead, the IP layer security protocol may be triggered in response to determining by the client 310 when resolving the domain name, that the remote server 320 supports the IP layer security protocol.

With reference to FIG. 1, a wireless remote station (RS) 102 (e.g. a mobile station MS) may communicate with one or more base stations (BS) 104 of a wireless communication system 100. The wireless communication system 100 may further include one or more base station controllers (BSC) 106, and a core network 108. Core network may be connected to an Internet 110 and a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 112 via suitable backhauls. A typical wireless mobile station may include a handheld phone, or a laptop computer. The wireless communication system 100 may employ any one of a number of multiple access techniques such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), space division multiple access (SDMA), polarization division multiple access (PDMA), or other modulation techniques known in the art.

Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

In one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software as a computer program product, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer-readable storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers, Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for securely connecting to a remote server, comprising: receiving, by a client, a request to connect to a remote server associated with a domain name; in response to receiving the request to connect to the remote server associated with the domain name, obtaining a Domain Name System (DNS) resolution from a Domain Name System (DNS) server, the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server including an Internal Protocol (IP) address for the remote server, the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server further including a service (SRV) record, the SRV record included in the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server including at least one parameter indicating that the remote server supports at least one defined IP layer security protocol; determining, by the client, that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol based on the at least one parameter indicating that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol included in the SRV record included in the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server; performing, by the client, a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol; and connecting, by the client, to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one defined IP layer security protocol.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNS resolution is obtained from the DNS server using a secure DNS protocol.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the request to connect to the remote server associated with the domain name is a request from a browser using a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that includes the domain name associated with the remote server.
 4. An apparatus for securely connecting to a remote server, comprising: means for receiving a request to connect to a remote server associated with a domain name; means for, in response to receiving the request to connect to the remote server associated with the domain name, obtaining a Domain Name System (DNS) resolution from a Domain Name System (DNS) server, the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server including an Internal Protocol (IP) address for the remote server, the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server further including a service (SRV) record, the SRV record included in the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server including at least one parameter indicating that the remote server supports at least one defined IP layer security protocol; means for determining, that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name based on the at least one parameter indicating that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol included in the SRV record included in the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server; means for performing a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol; and means for connecting to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one defined IP layer security protocol.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the DNS resolution is obtained from the DNS server using a secure DNS protocol.
 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the request to connect to the remote server associated with the domain name is a request from a browser using a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that includes the domain name associated with the remote server.
 7. An apparatus, comprising: a processor configured to: receive a request to connect to a remote server associated with a domain name; in response to receiving the request to connect to the remote server associated with the domain name, obtain a Domain Name System (DNS) resolution from a Domain Name System (DNS) server, the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server including an Internal Protocol (IP) address for the remote server, the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server further including a service (SRV) record, the SRV record included in the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server including at least one parameter indicating that the remote server supports at least one defined IP layer security protocol; determine that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name based on the at least one parameter indicating that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol included in the SRV record included in the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server; perform a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol; and connect to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one defined IP layer security protocol.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the DNS resolution is obtained from the DNS server using a secure DNS protocol.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the request to connect to the remote server associated with the domain name is a request from a browser using a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that includes the domain name associated with the remote server.
 10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium, comprising: code for causing a computer to receive a request to connect to a remote server associated with a domain name; code for causing the computer to, in response to receiving the request to connect to the remote server associated with the domain name, obtain a Domain Name System (DNS) resolution from a Domain Name System (DNS) server, the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server including an Internal Protocol (IP) address for the remote server, the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server further including a service (SRV) record, the SRV record included in the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server including at least one parameter indicating that the remote server supports at least one defined IP layer security protocol; code for causing the computer to determine that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol when resolving the domain name based on the at least one parameter indicating that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol included in the SRV record included in the DNS resolution obtained from the DNS server; code for causing the computer to perform a key exchange protocol with the remote server to generate at least one shared secret in response to determining that the remote server supports the at least one defined IP layer security protocol; and code for causing the computer to connect to the remote server using the at least one shared secret in the at least one defined IP layer security protocol.
 11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the DNS resolution is obtained from the DNS server using a secure DNS protocol.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the request to connect to the remote server associated with the domain name is a request from a browser using a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that includes the domain name associated with the remote server. 